 |
Angola Reference Map and Information
Note -- This Angola reference map and supplemental information have been modified and reformatted from the CIA World Factbook -- available in the public domain.
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Background:
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Angola
is rebuilding its country after the end of a 27-year civil war in 2002.
Fighting between the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola
(MPLA), led by Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS, and the National Union for the
Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, followed
independence from Portugal in 1975. Peace seemed imminent in 1992 when
Angola held national elections, but UNITA renewed fighting after being
beaten by the MPLA at the polls. Up to 1.5 million lives may have been
lost - and 4 million people displaced - in the quarter century of
fighting. SAVIMBI's death in 2002 ended UNITA's insurgency and
strengthened the MPLA's hold on power. President DOS SANTOS has
announced legislative elections will be held on September 5 and 6,
2008, with Presidential elections planned for sometime in 2009. |
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Location:
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Southern
Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Namibia and
Democratic Republic of the Congo |
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Geographic coordinates:
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12
30 S, 18 30 E |
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Map references:
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Africa
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Area:
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total:
1,246,700 sq km
land: 1,246,700 sq km
water: 0 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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slightly
less than twice the size of Texas |
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Land boundaries:
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total:
5,198 km
border countries: Democratic Republic of the
Congo 2,511 km (of which 225 km is the boundary of discontiguous
Cabinda Province), Republic of the Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km,
Zambia 1,110 km |
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Coastline:
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1,600
km |
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Maritime claims:
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territorial
sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm |
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Climate:
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semiarid
in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to
October) and hot, rainy season (November to April) |
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Terrain:
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narrow
coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest
point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Morro de Moco 2,620 m |
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Natural resources:
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petroleum,
diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite,
uranium |
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Land use:
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arable
land: 2.65%
permanent crops: 0.23%
other: 97.12% (2005) |
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Irrigated land:
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800
sq km (2003) |
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Total renewable water resources:
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184
cu km (1987) |
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Freshwater withdrawal
(domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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Total:
0.35 cu km/yr (23%/17%/60%)
Per capita: 22 cu m/yr (2000) |
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Natural hazards:
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locally
heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau |
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Environment - current issues:
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overuse
of pastures and subsequent soil erosion attributable to population
pressures; desertification; deforestation of tropical rain forest, in
response to both international demand for tropical timber and to
domestic use as fuel, resulting in loss of biodiversity; soil erosion
contributing to water pollution and siltation of rivers and dams;
inadequate supplies of potable water |
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Environment - international
agreements:
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party
to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected
agreements |
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Geography - note:
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the
province of Cabinda is an exclave, separated from the rest of the
country by the Democratic Republic of the Congo |
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Population:
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12,263,596
(July 2007 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14
years: 43.7% (male 2,706,276/female 2,654,338)
15-64 years: 53.5% (male 3,339,114/female
3,225,121)
65 years and over: 2.8% (male 149,414/female
189,333) (2007 est.) |
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Median age:
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total:
17.9 years
male: 17.9 years
female: 17.9 years (2007 est.) |
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Population growth rate:
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2.184%
(2007 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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44.51
births/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
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Death rate:
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24.81
deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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2.14
migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at
birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.035 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.789 male(s)/female
total population: 1.021 male(s)/female (2007
est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total
population: 37.63 years
male: 36.73 years
female: 38.57 years (2007 est.) |
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Total fertility rate:
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6.27
children born/woman (2007 est.) |
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Major infectious diseases:
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degree
of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and
protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, African
trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) are high risks in some locations
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2007) |
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Nationality:
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noun:
Angolan(s)
adjective: Angolan |
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Ethnic groups:
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Ovimbundu
37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European and native
African) 2%, European 1%, other 22% |
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Religions:
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indigenous
beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15% (1998 est.) |
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Languages:
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Portuguese
(official), Bantu and other African languages |
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Literacy:
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definition:
age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 67.4%
male: 82.9%
female: 54.2% (2001 est.) |
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Country name:
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conventional
long form: Republic of Angola
conventional short form: Angola
local long form: Republica de Angola
local short form: Angola
former: People's Republic of Angola |
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Government type:
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republic;
multiparty presidential regime |
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Capital:
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name:
Luanda
geographic coordinates: 8 50 S, 13 14 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of
Washington, DC during Standard Time) |
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Administrative divisions:
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18
provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie,
Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo,
Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige,
Zaire |
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Independence:
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11
November 1975 (from Portugal) |
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National holiday:
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Independence
Day, 11 November (1975) |
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Constitution:
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adopted
by People's Assembly 25 August 1992 |
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Legal system:
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based
on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; modified to
accommodate political pluralism and increased use of free markets |
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Suffrage:
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18
years of age; universal |
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Executive branch:
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chief
of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and head
of government
head of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS
SANTOS (since 21 September 1979); Fernando de Piedade Dias DOS SANTOS
was appointed prime minister on 6 December 2002
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the
president
elections: president elected by universal
ballot for a five-year term (eligible for a second consecutive or
discontinuous term) under the 1992 constitution; President DOS SANTOS
originally elected (in 1979) without opposition under a one-party
system and stood for reelection in Angola's first multiparty elections
29-30 September 1992 (next to be held in 2009)
election results: Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS
49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI 40.1%, making a run-off election necessary; the
run-off was not held because SAVIMBI's National Union for the Total
Independence of Angola (UNITA) repudiated the results of the first
election; the civil war resumed leaving DOS SANTOS in his current
position as the president |
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral
National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (220 seats; members elected by
proportional vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 29-30 September 1992
(next to be held in September 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party -
MPLA 54%, UNITA 34%, other 12%; seats by party - MPLA 129, UNITA 70,
PRS 6, FNLA 5, PLD 3, other 7 |
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme
Court and separate provincial courts (judges are appointed by the
president) |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Liberal
Democratic Party or PLD [Analia de Victoria PEREIRA]; National Front
for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA [disputed between Ngola KABANGU
and Lucas NGONDA]; National Union for the Total Independence of Angola
or UNITA (largest opposition party) [Isaias SAMAKUVA]; Popular Movement
for the Liberation of Angola or MPLA (ruling party in power since 1975)
[Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS]; Social Renewal Party or PRS [Eduardo
KUANGANA]
note: about a dozen minor parties participated
in the 1992 elections but only won a few seats; they and over 100 other
smaller parties have little influence in the National Assembly |
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Political pressure groups and
leaders:
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Front
for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda or FLEC [N'zita Henriques
TIAGO, Antonio Bento BEMBE]
note: FLEC's small-scale, highly factionalized
armed struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province ended after
BEMBE's faction signed a peace accord in August 2006; other factions
have since demobilized under provisions of the accord, although the two
main faction leaders have not acceded to the accord |
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International organization
participation:
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ACP,
AfDB, AU, CPLP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO
(correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OPEC,
SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
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Diplomatic representation in the
US:
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chief
of mission: Ambassador Josefina Perpetua Pitra DIAKITE
chancery: 2108 16th Street NW, Washington, DC
20009
telephone: [1] (202) 785-1156
FAX: [1] (202) 785-1258
consulate(s) general: Houston, New York |
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Diplomatic representation from
the US:
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chief
of mission: Ambassador Dan MOZENA
embassy: number 32 Rua Houari Boumedienne (in
the Miramar area of Luanda), Luanda
mailing address: international mail: Caixa
Postal 6468, Luanda; pouch: US Embassy Luanda, US Department of State,
2550 Luanda Place, Washington, DC 20521-2550
telephone: [244] (222) 64-1000
FAX: [244] (222) 64-1232 |
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Flag description:
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two
equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow
emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed
by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle) |
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Economy - overview:
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Angola's
high growth rate is driven by its oil sector, with record oil prices
and rising petroleum production. Oil production and its supporting
activities contribute about 85% of GDP. Increased oil production
supported growth averaging more than 15% per year from 2004 to 2007. A
postwar reconstruction boom and resettlement of displaced persons has
led to high rates of growth in construction and agriculture as well.
Much of the country's infrastructure is still damaged or undeveloped
from the 27-year-long civil war. Remnants of the conflict such as
widespread land mines still mar the countryside even though an
apparently durable peace was established after the death of rebel
leader Jonas SAVIMBI in February 2002. Subsistence agriculture provides
the main livelihood for most of the people, but half of the country's
food must still be imported. In 2005, the government started using a $2
billion line of credit, since increased to $7 billion, from China to
rebuild Angola's public infrastructure, and several large-scale
projects were completed in 2006. Angola also has large credit lines
from Brazil, Portugal, Germany, Spain, and the EU. The central bank in
2003 implemented an exchange rate stabilization program using foreign
exchange reserves to buy kwanzas out of circulation. This policy became
more sustainable in 2005 because of strong oil export earnings; it has
significantly reduced inflation. Although consumer inflation declined
from 325% in 2000 to under 13% in 2007, the stabilization policy has
put pressure on international net liquidity. Angola became a member of
OPEC in late 2006 and in late 2007 was assigned a production quota of
1.9 million barrels a day, somewhat less than the 2-2.5 million bbl
Angola's government had wanted. To fully take advantage of its rich
national resources - gold, diamonds, extensive forests, Atlantic
fisheries, and large oil deposits - Angola will need to implement
government reforms, increase transparency, and reduce corruption. The
government has rejected a formal IMF monitored program, although it
continues Article IV consultations and ad hoc cooperation. Corruption,
especially in the extractive sectors, and the negative effects of
"Dutch disease" produced by large inflows of foreign exchange, are
major challenges facing Angola. |
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$80.95
billion (2007 est.) |
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GDP (official exchange rate):
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$35.03
billion (2007 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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16.3%
(2007 est.) |
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$6,500
(2007 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture:
9.6%
industry: 65.8%
services: 24.6% (2005 est.) |
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Labor force:
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6.573
million (2007 est.) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture:
85%
industry and services: 15% (2003 est.) |
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Unemployment rate:
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extensive
unemployment and underemployment affecting more than half the
population (2001 est.) |
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Population below poverty line:
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70%
(2003 est.) |
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Household income or consumption
by percentage share:
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lowest
10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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12.5%
(2007 est.) |
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Investment (gross fixed):
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9.2%
of GDP (2007 est.) |
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Budget:
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revenues:
$18.58 billion
expenditures: $15.7 billion (2007 est.) |
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Public debt:
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14.7%
of GDP (2007 est.) |
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Agriculture - products:
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bananas,
sugarcane, coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, manioc (tapioca), tobacco,
vegetables, plantains; livestock; forest products; fish |
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Industries:
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petroleum;
diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite, uranium, and gold;
cement; basic metal products; fish processing; food processing,
brewing, tobacco products, sugar; textiles; ship repair |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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24.4%
(2007 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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2.585
billion kWh (2005) |
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Electricity - production by
source:
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fossil
fuel: 36.4%
hydro: 63.6%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001) |
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Electricity - consumption:
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2.201
billion kWh (2005) |
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Electricity - exports:
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0
kWh (2005) |
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Electricity - imports:
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0
kWh (2005) |
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Oil - production:
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1.26
million bbl/day (2005 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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50,000
bbl/day (2005 est.) |
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Oil - exports:
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1.021
million bbl/day (2004) |
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Oil - imports:
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18,290
bbl/day (2004) |
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Oil - proved reserves:
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5.412
billion bbl (1 January 2006 est.) |
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Natural gas - production:
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767.3
million cu m (2005 est.) |
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Natural gas - consumption:
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767.3
million cu m (2005 est.) |
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Natural gas - exports:
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0
cu m (2005 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports:
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0
cu m (2005) |
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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44
billion cu m (1 January 2006 est.) |
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Current account balance:
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$13.64
billion (2007 est.) |
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Exports:
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$43.23
billion f.o.b. (2007 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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crude
oil, diamonds, refined petroleum products, gas, coffee, sisal, fish and
fish products, timber, cotton |
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Exports - partners:
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US
38%, China 34.2%, Taiwan 5.8%, France 4.9%, Chile 4.1% (2006) |
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Imports:
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$11.41
billion f.o.b. (2007 est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery
and electrical equipment, vehicles and spare parts; medicines, food,
textiles, military goods |
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Imports - partners:
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US
15.3%, Portugal 15%, South Korea 10.1%, China 8.8%, Brazil 8.2%, South
Africa 6.7%, France 6.2% (2006) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
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$441.8
million (2005) |
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Reserves of foreign exchange and
gold:
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$12.29
billion (31 December 2007 est.) |
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Debt - external:
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$8.835
billion (31 December 2007 est.) |
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Stock of direct foreign
investment - at home:
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$17.6
billion (2006 est.) |
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Stock of direct foreign
investment - abroad:
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$227
million (2006 est.) |
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Currency (code):
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kwanza
(AOA) |
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Currency code:
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AOA
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Exchange rates:
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kwanza
per US dollar - 76.6 (2007), 80.4 (2006), 88.6 (2005), 83.541 (2004),
74.606 (2003) |
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Fiscal year:
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calendar
year |
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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98,200
(2006) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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2.264
million (2006) |
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Telephone system:
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general
assessment: system inadequate; fewer than one fixed-line per
100 persons; combined fixed line and mobile telephone density
approached 20 telephones per 100 persons in 2006
domestic: state-owned telecom had monopoly for
fixed-lines until 2005; demand outstripped capacity and prices were
high and services poor; Telecom Namibia, through an Angolan company,
became the first private licensed operator in Angola's fixed-line
telephone network; Angola Telecom established mobile-cellular service
in Luanda in 1993 and the network has been extended to larger towns; a
privately-owned, mobile-cellular service provider began operations in
2001
international: country code - 244; landing
point for the SAT-3/WASC fiber-optic submarine cable that provides
connectivity to Europe and Asia; satellite earth stations - 29 (2007) |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM
21, FM 6, shortwave 7 (2001) |
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Radios:
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815,000
(2000) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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6
(2000) |
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Televisions:
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196,000
(2000) |
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Internet country code:
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.ao
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Internet hosts:
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3,337
(2007) |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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1
(2000) |
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Internet users:
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85,000
(2005) |
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Airports:
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232
(2007) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total:
31
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 12
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 1 (2007) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total:
201
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 30
914 to 1,523 m: 95
under 914 m: 69 (2007) |
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Pipelines:
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gas
234 km; liquid petroleum gas 85 km; oil 896 km; oil/gas/water 5 km
(2007) |
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Railways:
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total:
2,761 km
narrow gauge: 2,638 km 1.067-m gauge; 123 km
0.600-m gauge (2006) |
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Roadways:
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total:
51,429 km
paved: 5,349 km
unpaved: 46,080 km (2001) |
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Waterways:
|
1,300
km (2007) |
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Merchant marine:
|
total:
5 ships (1000 GRT or over) 6,865 GRT/8,825 DWT
by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum
tanker 2
foreign-owned: 1 (Spain 1)
registered in other countries: 6 (Bahamas 6)
(2007) |
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Ports and terminals:
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Cabinda,
Luanda, Namibe |
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Military branches:
|
Angolan
Armed Forces (FAA): Army, Navy (Marinha de Guerra, MdG), Angolan
National Air Force (FANA) (2007) |
|
Military service age and
obligation:
|
17
years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service
obligation - 2 years plus time for training (2001) |
|
Manpower available for military
service:
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males
age 17-49: 2,548,455
females age 17-49: 2,462,601 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower fit for military service:
|
males
age 17-49: 1,282,195
females age 17-49: 1,256,390 (2005 est.) |
|
Manpower reaching military
service age annually:
|
males
age 18-49: 126,694
females age 17-49: 123,586 (2005 est.) |
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Military expenditures - percent
of GDP:
|
5.7%
(2006) |
| Transnational Issues |
Angola |
|
Disputes - international:
|
many
Cabindan separatists have returned to the province from exile since the
2006 ceasefire and peace agreement; concerns from international experts
and local populations over the Okavango Delta ecology in Botswana and
human displacement scuttled Namibian plans to construct a hydroelectric
dam at Popavalle (Popa Falls) along the Angola-Namibia border |
|
Refugees and internally displaced
persons:
|
refugees
(country of origin): 13,464 (Democratic Republic of Congo)
IDPs: 61,700 (27-year civil war ending in
2002; 4 million IDPs already have returned) (2006) |
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Illicit drugs:
|
used
as a transshipment point for cocaine destined for Western Europe and
other African states, particularly South Africa |
This page was last
updated on 12 February, 2008
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